1. What is P-wave Velocity?

P-wave velocity (V_p) is the speed at which compressional waves travel through a material. It's an important parameter in seismology, material science, and non-destructive testing.

2. How Does the Calculator Work?

The calculator uses the P-wave velocity equation:

Where:

• \( V_p \) — P-wave velocity (m/s)
• \( K \) — Bulk modulus (Pa)
• \( \mu \) — Shear modulus (Pa)
• \( \rho \) — Density (kg/m³)

Explanation: The equation shows that P-wave velocity increases with material stiffness (bulk and shear modulus) and decreases with density.

3. Importance of P-wave Velocity

Details: P-wave velocity is crucial for understanding material properties, earthquake studies, petroleum exploration, and structural health monitoring.

4. Using the Calculator

Tips: Enter bulk modulus and density in the correct units (Pa and kg/m³ respectively). All values must be positive numbers.

5. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Q1: What are typical P-wave velocities?
A: In air ~343 m/s, water ~1500 m/s, granite ~5000 m/s, steel ~6000 m/s.

Q2: How does P-wave velocity relate to S-wave velocity?
A: P-waves are always faster than S-waves, typically 1.7 times faster in Earth's crust.

Q3: What affects P-wave velocity in rocks?
A: Porosity, fluid content, pressure, temperature, and mineral composition.

Q4: Can P-wave velocity be measured directly?
A: Yes, using ultrasonic testing or seismic refraction methods.

Q5: Why is the 4/3 factor in the equation?
A: It accounts for the contribution of shear resistance to compressional wave propagation.